Circle Research Proposes AI Agent Payment Reputation System Anduin

Circle Research has proposed the AI Agent service provider reputation rating system Anduin, which ranks service providers based on on-chain payment relationships to prevent witch attacks. The study points out that existing scoring and usage metrics are easily manipulated, with attackers able to spend approximately $0.0027 to inflate fake service provider ratings to the market median level. Anduin requires that attackers must make real payments to independent service providers where the target AI Agent is already in use in order to elevate the ranking of fake service providers; funds transferred between wallets cannot gain reputation. Based on a test of 66.1 million x402 payment data totaling $6.1 million across 16 networks from March 23 to August 26, 2026, Anduin's recommendation accuracy is close to that of the best traditional methods, but in the attack scenarios tested in the study, the manipulation cost is about 23 times that of the latter. Circle states that Anduin does not require modifications to the x402 protocol or ERC standards, nor does it need to issue new tokens, and is currently still in the experimental stage.

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